Brodmann area 9, or BA9, refers to a
cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the
frontal
Front may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''The Front'' (1943 film), a 1943 Soviet drama film
* ''The Front'', 1976 film
Music
* The Front (band), an American rock band signed to Columbia Records and active in the 1980s and e ...
cortex
Cortex or cortical may refer to:
Biology
* Cortex (anatomy), the outermost layer of an organ
** Cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the vertebrate cerebrum, part of which is the ''forebrain''
*** Motor cortex, the regions of the cerebral cortex i ...
in the brain of humans and other
primate
Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...
s. It contributes to the
dorsolateral and
medial prefrontal cortex
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) covers the front part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. The PFC contains the Brodmann areas BA8, BA9, BA10, BA11, BA12, BA13, BA14, BA24, BA25, BA32, BA44, BA45, BA46, ...
.
Functions
The area is involved in short term memory,
evaluating recency,
overriding automatic responses,
verbal fluency,
error detection,
auditory verbal attention,
inferring the intention of others,
inferring deduction from spatial imagery,
inductive reasoning,
attributing intention,
sustained attention involved in counting a series of auditory stimuli,
and displays lower levels of energy consumption in individuals suffering from bipolar disorder.
The area found on the left hemisphere is at least partially responsible for empathy,
idioms,
processing pleasant and unpleasant emotional scenes,
self criticisms
and attention to negative emotions.
On the right hemisphere the region is involved in attributing intention,
theory of mind,
suppressing sadness,
working memory,
spatial memory,
recognition,
recall,
[
]
Guenon
Brodmann area 9 also exists in the frontal lobe of the guenon
The guenons (, ) are Old World monkeys of the genus ''Cercopithecus'' (). Not all members of this genus have the word "guenon" in their common names; also, because of changes in scientific classification, some monkeys in other genera may have co ...
. Brodmann-1909 regarded it on the whole as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the granular frontal area 9 and frontopolar area 10 in the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): Unlike Brodmann area 6
Brodmann area 6 (BA6) is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex ( BA4), it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area (SMA). This large area of the fron ...
(Brodmann-1909), area 9 has a distinct internal granular layer (IV); unlike Brodmann area 6
Brodmann area 6 (BA6) is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex ( BA4), it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area (SMA). This large area of the fron ...
or Brodmann area 8
Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements.
Human
Brodmann area 8, or BA8, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the premot ...
(Brodmann-1909), its internal pyramidal layer (V) is divisible into two sublayers, an outer layer 5a of densely distributed medium-size ganglion cells
{{stack,
A ganglion cell is a cell found in a ganglion. Examples of ganglion cells include:
* Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) found in the ganglion cell layer of the retina
* Cells that reside in the adrenal medulla, where they are involved in th ...
that partially merges with layer IV, and an inner, clearer, cell-poor layer 5b; the pyramidal cell
Pyramidal cells, or pyramidal neurons, are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cor ...
s of sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer
A pyramid (from el, πυραμίς ') is a structure whose outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single step at the top, making the shape roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense. The base of a pyramid can be trilateral, quadrilater ...
(III) are smaller and sparser in distribution; the external granular layer (II) is narrow, with small numbers of sparsely distributed granule cell
A granule is a large particle or grain. It can refer to:
* Granule (cell biology), any of several submicroscopic structures, some with explicable origins, others noted only as cell type-specific features of unknown function
** Azurophilic granul ...
s.[ ]
Image
File:Brodmann area 9 animation small.gif, Animation.
File:Brodmann area 9 frontal.jpg, front view.
File:Brodmann area 9 lateral.jpg, Lateral view.
File:Brodmann area 9 medial.jpg, Medial view.
See also
* Brodmann area
A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex, in the human or other primate brain, defined by its cytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells.
History
Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the ...
* Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC or DMPFC is a section of the prefrontal cortex in some species' brain anatomy. It includes portions of Brodmann areas BA8, BA9, BA10, BA24 and BA32, although some authors identify it specifically wi ...
* List of regions in the human brain
The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Myelencephalon
* Med ...
References
External links
*
*https://web.archive.org/web/20141104204919/http://www.skiltopo.com/1/index.htm#BA9L
* For Neuroanatomy of this area se
BrainInfo
{{Prosencephalon
09
Frontal lobe